[110], By chance, at the same time VT-3 was sighted by the Japanese, three squadrons of SBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown were approaching from the southwest and northeast. Les opérations prirent du retard et les premiers appareils ne quittèrent les porte-avions sous le commandement de Spruance, l'USS Enterprise et l'USS Hornet, que vers 7 h, puis ceux de l'USS Yorktown à 8 h[87],[88],[89]. Il était remarquablement intact pour un navire coulé en 1942 ; une grande partie de l'équipement d'origine et même la peinture de la coque étaient encore visibles[149]. [27] Nimitz also hurriedly recalled Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher's task force, including the carrier Yorktown, from the South West Pacific Area. His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support the others. Ce fut la seule attaque à la torpille réussie par les Américains lors de cette bataille[60]. La mauvaise disposition du plan de bataille de Yamamoto était maintenant devenue un handicap sévère[62]. Il existait aussi des dissensions entre le quartier-général impérial et l'amiral Isoroku Yamamoto ; la stratégie ne fut donc pas formulée avant avril 1942[7],[8],[9]. [143] At about the same time as this change of course, Tambor was sighted and during maneuvers designed to avoid a submarine attack, the heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma collided, inflicting serious damage on Mogami's bow. Trois heures plus tard, ses pilotes découvrirent le convoi de transport japonais à 1 060 km à l'ouest[59]. Une partie de la flotte devait mener une attaque contre les îles Aléoutiennes[23],[24],[25],[26]. [148] All ships half-masted their colors in salute; all hands who were topside stood with heads uncovered and came to attention, with tears in their eyes. Livraison gratuite (voir cond.). [163] The remaining officers and men were quickly dispersed to other units of the fleet and, without being allowed to see family or friends, were shipped to units in the South Pacific, where the majority died in battle. The IJN's fleet combat air patrol (CAP) consisted of too few fighter aircraft and was hampered by an inadequate early warning system, including a lack of radar. La disposition des éclaireurs japonais avant la bataille était également défaillante. Ce bombardement et d'autres attaques lancées depuis les porte-avions américains avaient prouvé que ceux-ci constituaient toujours une menace[15]. These comprised two squadrons each of dive bombers and torpedo bombers. Tôt le lendemain matin, le pétrolier japonais Akebono Maru fut touché par une torpille lancée par un hydravion PBY Catalina. Lors du second assaut, les cinq premiers B5N2 sont abattus ainsi que deux Zéro d'escorte[109]. In contrast, the extensive use of machinery in the United States meant that a much larger portion of the population had a mechanical/technical background. [28], Despite estimates that Yorktown, damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea, would require several months of repairs at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, her elevators were intact and her flight deck largely so. Dead aboard the destroyers Tanikaze (11), Arashi (1), Kazagumo (1) and the fleet oiler Akebono Maru (10) made up the remaining 23 casualties. Casualties aboard the four carriers were: Soit au total 124 appareils déployés à Midway[44]. Le chantier naval de Pearl Harbor travailla sans interruption durant 72 heures pour que le navire puisse soutenir deux à trois semaines d'opérations en haute mer[37],[38], comme demandé par Nimitz[39]. Thus, Japan was deprived of any knowledge concerning the movements of the American carriers immediately before the battle. 1943: The Battle of Midway (1943ミッドウェイ海戦, 1943: Midway Kaisen?) L'équipage pouvait ainsi balancer par-dessus bord tout objet inflammable et circonscrire les incendies rapidement. Les Japonais détruisirent cinq Avenger et deux Marauder, ainsi que huit Dauntless et deux Vindicator moins d'une heure plus tard, tout en ne perdant que deux chasseurs. In the end, Nagumo decided to wait for his first strike force to land, then launch the reserve, which would by then be properly armed with torpedoes. Trouvez les Battle On The Midway images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. De plus, l'arrivée d'une nouvelle vague d'assaut aérienne américaine à 7 h 53 en provenance de Midway renforça les arguments en faveur d'une deuxième attaque de l'aérodrome. This Discovery Channel account of the Battle of Midway largely focusses on the battle and deals only superficially with the strategic context in which the most important battle of the Pacific War took place. The D3A was normally referred to by the Japanese as. Using advanced renavigation techniques in conjunction with the ship's log of the submarine USS Nautilus, the expedition located a large piece of wreckage, subsequently identified as having come from the upper hangar deck of Kaga. Les avions de l'USS Hornet, seize bombardiers en piqué SBD Dauntless, lancés avec retard à la suite d'une erreur de communication, attaquèrent sans résultat les autres navires japonais. During the fly down the length, the B-26 strafed Akagi, killing two men. The U.S. Navy under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank J. Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chūichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondō near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that rendered th… [131], News of the two strikes, with the mistaken reports that each had sunk an American carrier, greatly improved Japanese morale. Quatre minutes plus tard, quelques Dautnless attaquèrent l’Akagi[93], qui fut touché par une bombe qui traversa le pont d'envol et explosa dans les hangars au milieu des appareils alors armés et ravitaillés. Certaines sources avancent que le changement était en cours depuis environ 30 minutes quand, à 7 h 40[73],[23],[74], l’avion de reconnaissance du Tone signala la présence d’une grande force navale américaine à l’est sans en préciser la composition. She was renamed St. [111] Some bombers were lost from fuel exhaustion before the attack commenced. This would place them at about 155 nautical miles (287 km; 178 mi) from the Japanese fleet, assuming it did not change course. Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) The Battle of Midway marked the high-water mark of the Japanese Navy. [143], In reality, the ships sighted by Tambor were the detachment of four cruisers and two destroyers Yamamoto had sent to bombard Midway. Elle se déroula dans les premiers jours de juin 1942 au large des Îles Midway, lors de la guerre du Pacifique. The Battle of Midway in June of 1942 was one of the most important naval battles in world history and a turning point in the Second World War. Japanese March Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto had amassed an imposing force that included a carrier striking force of the four fleet carriers, two battleships, two heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and 12 destroyers. [16] The U.S. did consider Midway vital: after the battle, the establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and re-provision, extending their radius of operations by 1,200 miles (1,900 km). Au même moment, les opérations de sauvetage de l'USS Yorktown se poursuivaient et il fut remorqué par le dragueur de mines USS Vireo (en). Entre le 4 et le 7 juin 1942, six mois après l'attaque de Pearl Harbor par les Japonais et un mois après la bataille de la mer de Corail, l'United States Navy avait donc infligé une défaite décisive à la marine impériale japonaise alors qu'elle attaquait l'atoll de Midway, causant des pertes irremplaçables à sa flotte[135],[136],[137]. Midway est un film réalisé par Roland Emmerich avec Ed Skrein, Patrick Wilson. Malgré les estimations avançant que l'USS Yorktown aurait besoin de plusieurs mois de réparations dans le chantier naval de Puget Sound, ses ascenseurs étaient intacts et son pont d'envol était peu endommagé[36]. Most significantly, American cryptographers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush. [197][page needed][198][page needed]. The battle coverage is excellent and much of it is in colour. Spruance once again withdrew to the east to refuel his destroyers and rendezvous with the carrier Saratoga, which was ferrying much-needed replacement aircraft. Le 18 octobre 2019, le RV Petrel découvre finalement ce dernier sur les fonds marins de l'océan Pacifique, à 5,4 km sous la surface[150],[151]. Ballard's subsequent search for the Japanese carriers was unsuccessful. The ship was remarkably intact for a vessel that had sunk in 1942; much of the original equipment and even the original paint scheme were still visible. Juin 1942, la marine impériale japonaise prépare une nouvelle attaque qui devrait éliminer définitivement les forces aéronavales américaines. The Battle of Midway was one of the most important naval battles of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. John Ford directed two films about the events: the 18-minute 1942 Movietone News documentary (released by the War Activities Committee) The Battle of Midway,[206] which received the 1942 Academy Award for Best Documentary; and the eight-minute documentary Torpedo Squadron 8, which describes the heroism of Torpedo Squadron 8 of the USS Hornet. The Battle of Midway Japan hoped to defeat the US Pacific Fleet and use Midway as a base to attack Pearl Harbor, securing dominance in the region and then forcing a negotiated peace. The 10 F4Fs from Hornet ran out of fuel and had to ditch. [90] Nevetheless, at that point there was no way to stop the American strike against him, since Fletcher's carriers had launched their planes beginning at 07:00 (with Enterprise and Hornet having completed launching by 07:55, but Yorktown not until 09:08), so the aircraft that would deliver the crushing blow were already on their way. As a result, Air Group Eight's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers. Pris sous un feu nourri, ils larguèrent leurs bombes sur les navires. Out of Obscurity", "What If Japan Had Won The Battle of Midway? Batailles et opérations de la Guerre du Pacifique Les casseurs de code furent également capables de déterminer que l'attaque aurait lieu le 4 ou le 5 juin et de fournir à Nimitz l'ensemble de l'ordre de bataille de la marine impériale japonaise[57]. [98], Waldron's squadron sighted the enemy carriers and began attacking at 09:20, followed at 09:40[99] by VF-6 from Enterprise, whose Wildcat fighter escorts lost contact, ran low on fuel, and had to turn back. Les navires repérés par l'USS Tambor étaient les quatre croiseurs lourds Kumano, Suzuya, Mogami, Mikuma et les deux destroyers Arashio et Asashio, que Yamamoto avait envoyés pour bombarder Midway. It took place from 4 June 1942 to 7 June 1942. Alors que les rapports historiques ont souvent avancé que l'attaque des Aléoutiennes étaient une diversion destinée à diviser les forces américaines, des recherches récentes sur la bataille indiquent que l'opération AL devait être menée simultanément à l'attaque de Midway[28]. Because of the constant flight deck activity associated with combat air patrol operations during the preceding hour, the Japanese never had an opportunity to position ("spot") their reserve planes on the flight deck for launch. (In contrast, American air squadrons were considered interchangeable between carriers.) Après l'entrée en guerre du Japon contre les États-Unis déclenchée par l'attaque de Pearl Harbor le 7 décembre 1941, la progression des troupes japonaises avait été fulgurante. Trois F4F et treize F2A furent abattus, la plupart dans les premières minutes et plusieurs autres furent endommagés ; à la fin de l'attaque, il ne restait plus que deux chasseurs en état de marche. [39], Thus, Carrier Division 5, consisting of the two most advanced aircraft carriers of the Kido Butai, were not available, which meant that Vice-Admiral Nagumo had only two-thirds of the fleet carriers at his disposal: Kaga and Akagi forming Carrier Division 1 and Hiryū and Sōryū as Carrier Division 2. [33], Yorktown's partially depleted air group was rebuilt using whatever planes and pilots could be found. [78], At 07:15, Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with contact-fused general-purpose bombs for use against land targets. It was intended only for the highest echelons in the Japanese Navy and government and was guarded closely throughout the war. A few TBDs managed to get within a few ship-lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes—close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to make sharp evasive maneuvers—but all of their torpedoes either missed or failed to explode. [126], Hiryū, the sole surviving Japanese aircraft carrier, wasted little time in counterattacking. Les Américains n'avaient donc perdu qu'un seul de leurs porte-avions, contre quatre pour les Japonais (l'Akagi, le Kaga, le Soryu et le Hiryu). L'amiral Nimitz disposait d'un avantage inestimable sur les Japonais : les cryptanalystes américains parvenaient à lire une partie des messages japonais écrits à l'aide du code JN-25[56]. The plump silhouettes of the American Dauntless dive-bombers quickly grew larger, and then a number of black objects suddenly floated eerily from their wings. The US had been on the defence in the Pacific theatre since the … [66], Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack, American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier force. Comme il ne parvint pas à les identifier, le commandant du submersible ne tira pas mais il rapporta leur position à ses supérieurs. While the U.S. would probably not have sought peace with Japan as Yamamoto hoped, his country might have revived Operation FS to invade and occupy Fiji and Samoa; attacked Australia, Alaska, and Ceylon; or even attempted to conquer Hawaii. Aussi les planificateurs de l'armée continuèrent-ils de considérer, au moins durant une brève période, que la marine japonaise conservait sa supériorité[128]. Enfin, le facteur chance joua un rôle non négligeable lors de cette bataille, lorsque les Dauntless se retrouvèrent sans opposition aérienne pendant que les Japonais effectuaient leurs opérations de ravitaillement en carburant et en munitions[125]. [14] Yamamoto reasoned that another air attack on the main U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight, including the carriers. These inexperienced pilots were fed into front-line units, while the veterans who remained after Midway and the Solomons campaign were forced to share an increased workload as conditions grew more desperate, with few being given a chance to rest in rear areas or in the home islands. [199] [194] By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the Japanese had nearly rebuilt their carrier forces in terms of numbers, but their planes, many of which were obsolete, were largely flown by inexperienced and poorly trained pilots. Un B-26 Marauder, touché par un tir de l'Akagi, ne fit rien pour s'éloigner et il manqua de s'écraser directement sur le pont d'envol du navire. We could not send TBDs into action unless they had adequate smoke protection and torpedoes that exploded more than 10 percent of the time. Ainsi, le lourd Akagi ne reçut qu'un seul projectile, mais suffisant pour déclencher des feux incontrôlables[125]. [49] These messages were, contrary to earlier historical accounts, also received by Nagumo before the battle began. [11] Admiral Yamamoto finally won the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign, after which his plan for the Central Pacific was adopted. (, Raids aériens japonais des îles Mariannes, Campagne des archipels Ogasawara et Ryūkyū, Invasion des Indes orientales néerlandaises, Opérations de l'Axe dans les eaux australiennes, Raids aériens japonais sur l'Australie (1942-43), force navale considérable dans l'Atlantique Nord, opérations japonaises contre les îles Aléoutiennes, Ordre de bataille lors de la bataille de Midway, Interrogation of: Captain TOYAMA, Yasumi, IJN; Chief of Staff Second Destroyer Squadron, flagship Jintsu (CL), at MIDWAY, WW2DB: The Battle of Midway / la bataille de Midway, Télécharger le film de Ford réalisé sur la bataille de Midway, Gouvernement national réorganisé de la république de Chine, Crimes de guerre nazis en Union soviétique, Viols durant la seconde invasion de la Pologne par l'Armée rouge, Prisonniers allemands en Union soviétique, Crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques, Batailles navales de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Sabordage de la flotte danoise à Copenhague, Sabordage de la flotte française à Toulon, Liste des cuirassés et croiseurs de bataille coulés (1939-1945), Campagne sous-marine alliée dans le Pacifique, Campagne sous-marine japonaise dans le Pacifique, Principaux événements militaires de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bataille_de_Midway&oldid=181068928, Histoire militaire du Japon durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Bataille navale impliquant les États-Unis, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Catégorie Commons avec lien local différent sur Wikidata, Portail:Seconde Guerre mondiale/Articles liés, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, Portail:Forces armées des États-Unis/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Cinq membres d'équipage de deux hydravions abattus et dix marins du pétrolier. [153], In addition, the destroyers Arashio (bombed; 35) and Asashio (strafed by aircraft; 21) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank Mikuma and caused further damage to Mogami. Par ailleurs, du fait de l'activité incessante sur le pont durant l’heure précédente, liée aux lancements et aux atterrissages des avions chargés de la protection aérienne, les Japonais n’avaient jamais eu la possibilité de préparer le lancement de leurs appareils de réserve. Coté japonais en revanche, les mécaniciens réarmaient les appareils à l'intérieur des hangars, totalement clos afin de les protéger des intempéries. Pour s'assurer de la victoire, Yamamoto avait rassemblé une énorme flotte d'environ 200 navires comprenant notamment huit porte-avions et onze cuirassés[22]. Par contre, les officiers de l'état-major du groupe aéronaval ne furent pas sanctionnés et Nagumo fut placé à la tête de la force aéronavale reconstituée après la bataille[131]. En effet, la seconde vague pensa que l'USS Yorktown avait déjà coulé et qu'elle attaquait l'USS Enterprise. The Japanese repelled these attacks, losing three fighters while destroying five TBFs, two SB2Us, eight SBDs, and two B-26s. Par conséquent, les flottilles américaines furent envoyées à l'assaut au fur et à mesure, en plusieurs groupes distincts. Une tentative, lors de l'opération K, pour reconnaître Pearl Harbor avant la bataille (et donc détecter la présence ou l'absence des porte-avions américains) devait être menée avec des hydravions Kawanishi H8K, mais elle fut annulée lorsque les sous-marins chargés de ravitailler les appareils découvrirent que le point de ralliement, le mouillage du banc de sable de la Frégate française, était occupé par deux ravitailleurs d'hydravions américains[38],[52],[53]. À la suite de l’attaque des porte-avions japonais par les appareils américains basés sur Midway, et pour répondre à la demande du chef d’escadrille qui estimait nécessaire de mener une seconde frappe contre l’aérodrome de Midway, Nagumo ordonna à 7 h 15 que les appareils de réserve soient réarmés avec des bombes contre cible terrestre. A total of 2,300 Japanese … [35], On Midway, by 4 June the U.S. Navy had stationed four squadrons of PBYs—31 aircraft in total—for long-range reconnaissance duties, and six brand-new Grumman TBF Avengers from Hornet's VT-8. Quelques mois après, l'aéronavale japonaise subit des pertes similaires lors des batailles navales des Salomon orientales et des îles Santa Cruz. The first plane took off from Spruance's carriers Enterprise and Hornet a few minutes after 07:00. Vingt-cinq TBD Devastator furent perdus au total[92] mais quelques-uns parvinrent à lancer leurs torpilles et à mitrailler les navires, ce qui força les porte-avions japonais à réaliser des manœuvres d'évitement[93]. Cependant, un retard d'une journée dans la traversée de la force principale de Nagumo fit que l'opération AL commença un jour avant l'attaque de Midway[33]. The Battle of Midway was one of these moments in history that acts a bit as a hinge, or a crest between two slopes. Japanese plans were not changed; Yamamoto, at sea in Yamato, assumed Nagumo had received the same signal from Tokyo, and did not communicate with him by radio, so as not to reveal his position. Une attaque devait être menée en parallèle contre les îles Aléoutiennes. [183], Although the Japanese continued to try to secure more territory, and the U.S. did not move from a state of naval parity to one of supremacy until after several more months of hard combat,[184] Midway allowed the Allies to switch to the strategic initiative, paving the way for the landings on Guadalcanal and the prolonged attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign. Midway ne jouait pas un rôle stratégique particulièrement notable dans le plan du Japon, mais comme il était bien placé entre Pearl Harbor et le Japon, les responsables militaires japonais considéraient que les Américains la défendraient âprement[16],[17]. This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii itself. Bien que la flotte japonaise se trouvât à la limite du rayon d'action de ses appareils, Spruance décida qu'une attaque pouvait réussir et il donna l'ordre de décollage vers 6 h. Il laissa ensuite le chef d'état-major de Halsey, le capitaine de vaisseau Miles Browning, mettre au point les détails de l'attaque et superviser les décollages. Uncertain of whether they were friendly or not and unwilling to approach any closer to verify their heading or type, Murphy decided to send a vague report of "four large ships" to Admiral Robert English, Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC). A total of 147 American planes were lost during the Battle of Midway, along with 307 sailors and airmen. WWII carrier-versus-carrier engagements between American and Japanese naval forces: This page was last edited on 4 April 2021, at 01:29. En revanche, la destruction de la puissance aéronavale japonaise à Midway, associée à l'indécise bataille de la mer de Corail, réduisit la capacité du Japon à entreprendre de grandes offensives[136]. He mistakenly reported this group as the Main Force. Nagumo's chief of staff, Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka, was able to persuade him to leave the critically damaged Akagi. [96] Spruance judged that the need to throw something at the enemy as soon as possible was greater than the need to coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds (fighters, bombers, and torpedo bombers). Nimitz calculated that the aircraft on his three carriers, plus those on Midway Island, gave the U.S. rough parity with Yamamoto's four carriers, mainly because American carrier air groups were larger than Japanese ones. Si plusieurs coups au but furent revendiqués[59], aucune bombe ne causa de dommages significatifs[60]. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare",[9] while naval historian Craig Symonds called it "one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history, ranking alongside Salamis, Trafalgar, and Tsushima Strait, as both tactically decisive and strategically influential".[10]. Les officiers et les marins furent dispersés dans d'autres unités de la marine et furent déployés dans le Pacifique Sud où beaucoup périrent[130]. The destroyers Arashio and Asashio were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks. Parks, which included six F4Fs and 20 F2As,[64] intercepted the Japanese and suffered heavy losses, though they managed to destroy four B5Ns, as well as a single A6M. [158][159], On 10 June, the Imperial Japanese Navy conveyed to the military liaison conference an incomplete picture of the results of the battle. [138] It was fortunate for the U.S. that Spruance did not pursue, for had he come in contact with Yamamoto's heavy ships, including Yamato, in the dark, considering the Japanese Navy's superiority in night-attack tactics at the time, there is a very high probability his cruisers would have been overwhelmed and his carriers sunk. Around 08:20, she made an unsuccessful torpedo attack on a battleship and then had to dive to evade the escorts. Par conséquent, l'efficacité de l'aéronavale japonaise se dégrada de manière continue jusqu'à la fin de la guerre[134]. [162], On the return of the Japanese fleet to Hashirajima on 14 June the wounded were immediately transferred to naval hospitals; most were classified as "secret patients", placed in isolation wards and quarantined from other patients and their own families to keep this major defeat secret. Hornet's strike, launched late because of a communications error, concentrated on the remaining escort ships, but failed to score any hits. [142] Unaware of the exact location of Yamamoto's "Main Body" (a persistent problem since the time PBYs had first sighted the Japanese), Spruance was forced to assume the "four large ships" reported by Tambor represented the main invasion force and so he moved to block it, while staying 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) northeast of Midway. Planes stood tail up, belching livid flames and jet-black smoke, making it impossible to bring the fires under control. [91], The Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese. [53] No Japanese radio operators who intercepted the message seemed concerned that the Americans were broadcasting uncoded that a major naval installation close to the Japanese threat ring was having a water shortage, which could have tipped off Japanese intelligence officers that it was a deliberate attempt at deception. Followed suit at 08:00 from Yorktown jugeant la poursuite trop dangereuse [ 126 ], article! 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